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Astronomy shares many similarities with historical sciences: the reconstruction of token events, the lack of manipulation, and the reliance on traces. I highlight two benefits of viewing astronomy as a historical science. First, the methodology of historical sciences constitutes a more sufficient de...

In this paper, we assess the extent to which contemporary observations of black holes---particularly those of the LIGO-Virgo and Event Horizon Telescope Collaborations---are ``theory laden''. General relativistic assumptions enter into the methods of both experiments through the use of simulations o...